First, preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C). Then, lightly spray a cast iron skillet or an oval baking dish with cooking spray to prevent sticking.
In a blender, combine the heavy cream, sugar-free sweetener, vanilla extract, salt, almond flour, and eggs. Blend until the mixture is completely smooth. If you don't have a blender, a whisk in a large mixing bowl works just as well – simply ensure there are no lumps!
Carefully pour this smooth batter into your prepared skillet or baking dish. Arrange the sliced strawberries on top, with the cut side facing up. Try to keep them from sinking too much into the batter for a beautiful finish.
Place the dish in the preheated oven and bake for 35 to 40 minutes, or until the clafoutis is golden and set. Keep an eye on it and gently pop any bubbles that might form on the surface during baking. To check if it's done, insert a knife or toothpick into the center; it should come out clean.
Let it cool slightly and serve warm. For an extra touch of indulgence, enjoy it with a dollop of sweetened whipped cream.